Jane Austen’s Pride and Prejudice Essay

Jane Austen’s Pride and Prejudice is a manifestation of creativity in its bravest and most daring form. Never has a woman dared to write about the female specie in the form that Austen did; bold yet graceful and assertive but polite. Pride and Prejudice proves to be one of the timeless pieces of Literature because of its interesting content that brings about new and substantial insight every time it is read. Perhaps one of Austen’s trademark in writing is the vividness of her description and the symbolism it has. In this paper, I would like to highlight how Austen carefully and vivaciously feast on the description of the home as a determining element to the establishment of her characters and how the plot would flow. It is interesting to note that she was very careful and detailed about her descriptions yet was able to leave rooms for curiosity and imagination. The house of the Bennets is more than just a structure but a fertile ground planted with many insightful details that will bring life and color to the characters thus heightening the relationships of people and events. In the house of the Bennets, only the father is male. The rest of the members were female. This alone was enough to spark intrigue and controversy in the novel. Jane Austen lived in a time where women are treated as second- class citizens. In the house, quantity-wise, the females are more dominant, yet the father holds the power not only within the halls of their house but in the decisions made by his wife and daughters. This tells us that in the house of Bennets, no matter how many female members there were, the male member will always have the supremacy. This is also true in the Regency Society as male dominance is seen and observed everywhere. â€Å"Compared with some families, I believe we were; but such of us as wished to learn, never wanted the means. We were always encouraged to read, and had all the masters that were necessary. Those who chose to be idle, certainly might. † Chapter 6, Volume 2. â€Å"In such cases, a woman has not often much beauty to think of. † Chapter 1, Volume 1 The four daughters were treated fairly and dearly. There were the gems of the house and the life of the family. In all fairness to Mr. And Mrs. Bennet, the daughters were raised well. They were given the best that their parents can give. It may not equal that of the society’s bourgeois, but it had to be given to Mr. And Mrs. Bennet that they tried, and that alone was enough. The ladies were beautiful, that’s undeniable. But among the four sisters, Elizabeth was the one outstanding everyone else in the book. Not only did she manage to make a mark in the novel, she is regarded as one of the most famous characters in English Literature. This was because Elizabeth showed remarkable attitude, her beauty rivals her personality. Not only did she possess the looks, she had the attitude that magnetizes people. But then, I perceive Mrs. Bennet as one of the most interesting characters in the novel as her desire to have her daughters marry rich men so to elevate their already degraded status in the society. Mrs. Bennet’s role in the novel can be interpreted as a wonderful mother wanting a bright future for her children but done in a negative way. This I would have to note that the daughters were perceived as objects that can be given away for material wealth. This is very rampant in many societies in the world, not only in the regency society. â€Å"Our habits of expence make us too dependant, and there are not many in my rank of life who can afford to marry without some attention to money† Chapter 10, Volume 2. Other issues explored was the idea that women are but appendages of men; that women were born to be accessories of the male specie as if there is supremacy in being the first one to be created. We have to admit that women who are physically attractive are most likely to become wives of rich and influential men because they see them as affirmation of their masculinity. This is a very abusive yet accepted fact in the society. Women become objects that can be bought at the right price and the saddest part is that some people actually accede to it wanting nothing to do about it. â€Å"Mr. Bennet, how can you abuse your own children in such way? Chapter 1, Volume 1. However, it is very positive to note that even at the darkness of such mad society, love finds its way. â€Å"I am excessively diverted. But it is so strange! † Chapter 15, Volume 3. I would have to say that Mr. Bennet and Elizabeth were the closest in the family and thus the most intelligent members of the household. This union of intellectual bond resulted to the education of Elizabeth’s character that she learned to gear away from how her mother wished her and her sisters to be. She was able to determine that there are more important things than money, that her love for Mr. Darcy should not be stained by the lust for money and power. Elizabeth was able to acquire the greatest kind of wealth possible for any woman that is having a man who would truly love her, embracing what she is and what she’s not. â€Å"I cannot believe it. Why should they try to influence him? They can only wish his happiness, and if he is attached to me, no other woman can secure it. † Chapter 1, Volume 2.

“Eve’s Diary” by Mark Twain Essay

â€Å"Eve’s Diary† is a satirical account of the days in the Garden of Eden. Twain recounts the well-known tale of Genesis through a series of journal entries written by Adam and Eve; these personal accounts make for an entertaining and thought-provoking read. Twain’s personifications of gender stereotypes are easily identified but lead the reader into a further exploration of Twain’s deeper purpose. Twain’s writing style explicates the paradoxical relationship between men and women. Furthermore, Adam and Eve’s conflicting perspectives within the journal entries provide an illustration of their magnetic reliance on one another, despite their polar differences. The story begins with Eve on the day after her creation; Twain creates a tone of despair as Eve ponders her situation and existence. â€Å"That is what I AM-an experiment; just an experiment, and nothing more† (Twain 10). As Eve deducts that there must be a counterpart to her existence, her disposition abruptly changes from anguish to optimism. Through this character development, Twain portrays companionship as Eve’s salvation and furthermore, mocks the modern idea of the contingency of a woman’s survival on that of a man’s. Eve’s perception changes as abruptly as her disposition. Once her mind is at ease, she becomes conscious and appreciative of her surroundings. â€Å"This majestic new world is indeed a most noble and beautiful work. And certainly marvelously near to being perfect, notwithstanding the shortness of the time† (Twain 14). Twain uses Eve’s passionate and enthusiastic mentality as a personification of the model of femini nity according to nineteenth century stereotypes. The diction and timing of Adam’s introduction exaggerates Eve’s naivety and sets a precedent for Twain’s exploration of their paradoxical relationship.  Eve’s entry reads, â€Å"All the week I tagged around after him and tried to get acquainted. I had to do the talking, because he was shy, but I didn’t mind it. He seemed pleased to have me around, and I used the sociable ‘we’ a good deal, because it seemed to flatter him to be included† (Twain 35). Though it is told from Eve’s perspective, Twain wants the reader to negate Eve’s idealization when reading of her interactions with Adam. When one does so, Adam’s annoyance with Eve is apparent. In addition, Twain makes a considerable effort to portray Adam as haughty, cynical, and drastically unattached in comparison to Eve; Twain uses Adam as a personification of stereotypical conception of masculinity. â€Å"During the last day or two I have taken all the work of naming things off his hands, and this has been a great relief to him, for he has no gift in that line, and is evidently very grateful† (Twain 178). If interpreted in the manner Twain intended, it is clear that Adam has no concern with naming the creatures and is equally indifferent towards Eve. Twain develops these satirical personifications even further to serve two slightly less superficial purposes. Twain uses these conceptions to delve into the profound relationship between men and women but also to denounce them through his diction. Twain’s defiance begins with his decision to give Eve, a woman, the predominant voice in the narrative. He shows further disregard for popular opinion when he tells of the creation of fire. â€Å"I had created something that didn’t exist before; I had added a new thing to the world’s uncountable properties; I realized this, and was proud of my achievement, and was going to run and find him and tell him about it, thinking to raise myself in his esteem-but I reflected, and did not do it. No-he would not care for it† (Twain 67). Twain’s decision to credit such a pivotal aspect of human survival to a woman exhibits either an immense reverence for women or a severe distain for unoriginal thought. Regardless, Twain’s upheaval of the hierarchy of traditional Western gender roles transcends time and leaves the reader to contemplate the validity of gender roles. Ursula LeGuin, a published and renowned author of short stories herself, discusses the prevalence of personification of stereotypical gender roles  within _Adam and Eve’s Diary_. LeGuin argues that Twain’s personifications of gender stereotypes are the most important aspect of any literally analysis of works by Mark Twain (LeGuin 32). Deviating slightly from the focus of LeGuin’s analysis, the most important purpose of â€Å"Eve’s Diary† to be the paradoxical relationship between men and women. As the journal progresses, so does the connection between Adam and Eve. Although their differences remain vast, Adam and Eve demonstrate a dynamic reliance on one another. They compliment one another in a sense of discord; their stereotypical personas seem to become less obtrusive as they grow together. Through Eve, Adam is humbled and learns to be appreciative and observant of his surroundings. Adam has a similar effect on Eve; her interest in aesthetics diminishes and while she remains optimistic, she is not so dangerously naà ¯ve. The story digresses to forty years later, with Adam at Eve’s grave. Adam’s eulogy for his lifeless wife is ingeniously engineered to resonate with nearly every reader. He says, â€Å"Wheresoever she was, THERE was Eden† (Twain 129). Adam, and therefore the male gender collectively, possessed a magnetic dependence on Eve that was as involuntary as the polar differences between the two. Twain accomplished a feat that the laws of nature could not; through â€Å"Adam and Eve’s Diary,† Twain provides an unprecedented look into why men and women attract in circumstances that should naturally repel them from one another. Works Cited LeGuin, Ursula K. Introduction. The Diaries of Adam and Eve. By Mark Twain. New York: Oxford UP, 1996. XXXI-XLI. Twain, Mark. _Adam and Eve’s Diary_ â€Å"Eve’s Diary, Complete.† Project Gutenburg. 14 June 2004. PDF iBook.

Thorn Queen Chapter Four

We left as soon as etiquette said we could. I tried using Shaya's argument about eccentric queens doing whatever they wanted, but it didn't work on her. She said if we didn't stay a certain amount of time, I'd appear intimidated by Maiwenn. So, we stuck around a bit longer than I liked before finally making formal farewells to the others. Kiyo was preoccupied with a group of well-wishers, but he looked up at my departure and smiled. He mouthed the word soon. My group rode back in a subdued mood. The urgency was gone, and I think my glum attitude threw a cloud over everyone. Seeing Maiwenn and Kiyo had bothered me more than I liked to admit, and Dorian†¦well, that was another story. For now, I wanted nothing more than to cross over to my own world, throw on pajamas, and watch mindless TV. Possibly while eating ice cream. And as our journey continued, ice cream sounded more and more appealing once we crossed back into the Thorn Land. The sun was sinking, but heat still radiated off the sand and rocks. It wouldn't dissipate for another couple hours, and even at midnight, the temperature probably wouldn't drop below seventy. I'd changed back to my shorts and sunglasses before leaving Maiwenn's, so again, the heat didn't bother me as much as it did the others. Dorian had claimed my sundress would catch on as a fashion trend; I wondered if shorts would as well. â€Å"There's a village ahead,† murmured Rurik. I snapped out of my daydreams and followed his gesture. Sure enough, a small cluster of buildings darkened the horizon. Like my castle, it was something more suited to a medieval British landscape than the desert. Considering how infrequently I visited my kingdom, this was the first settlement I'd seen outside of the castle. It unnerved me a little, my discomfort growing when I saw that our road went straight through the town. Damned twisting Otherworld. This village hadn't been here on our earlier trip. And for that reason, I knew better than to suggest we go around it. With the way this world worked, a slight deviation could toss us into the Rowan Land or add hours onto our trip. Steeling myself, I tightened my grip on the reins, deciding that this place looked small and wouldn't take long to clear. When we entered its outskirts, though, I discovered something that made me lose my resolve. The road was lined with people. It was like everyone in the town had come out to see us pass through. They stood along the sides, staring at my party and again looking like extras from some medieval movie. Except, it must have been a low-budget movie. The people's clothes were ragged and dirty, their faces gaunt. Everyone seemed too skinny, even the children and babies held in parental arms. My unease grew as we rode deeper into the heart of the village. I hated crowds and having eyes upon me. There was something discomfiting about this particular group. Their expressions were either completely blank or†¦well, terrified. Everything was dead silent. â€Å"What are they scared of?† I whispered to Rurik. He gave me an amused glance. â€Å"You, of course.† â€Å"Me?† I squeaked. Glancing at my attire, I tried to imagine how out of place I looked here. Was my foreignness that frightening? â€Å"You're their queen. Everyone knows how you slaughtered Aeson-and that isn't a particularly heartwarming tale. Likewise, Storm King's legacy of terror lives on after all these years. You've inherited it.† â€Å"So, what, they see me as some kind of tyrant?† He shrugged. â€Å"You're their queen,† he repeated, as though that explained everything. I'd never wanted to be queen. I certainly didn't want to be seen as some kind of despot queen either. I didn't want these eyes upon me, these eyes that all seemed to be filled with apathy, judgment, and a kind of weary defeat. I breathed a sigh of relief when we reached what looked to be the halfway point. All of a sudden, a man stepped in front of us, bringing us to a halt. He was an older gentry, tall and gray-haired. He was skinny and clothed only a little better than the rest, though there was an air of dignity and authority that made him stand out. When he saw he had our attention, he swept me a bow so low, his face nearly touched the dusty road. â€Å"To Eugenie, great queen of the Thorn Land, I offer the most humble greetings of your servant, Davros.† At least, that's what I think he said. He was bent so low that his words came out muffled. I glanced uneasily at the others in my group, unsure what to do. They all remained silent and looked at me expectantly. Oh, sure. They were full of advice back at Maiwenn's, but when it came to peasants groveling in the road? That was apparently all me. â€Å"Please, um, stand up,† I managed at last. â€Å"Um, Davros.† He rose, clasping his hands in front of him, looking totally overwhelmed that I'd used his name. â€Å"Thank you, your majesty. I am the mayor of this village. Words cannot express what an honor it is to have you among us.† Considering what Rurik had just told me about my reputation here, I wasn't entirely sure I believed Davros' words. I forced a smile. â€Å"Thanks. We're just passing through on our way back to the castle.† Davros spread his hands wide. â€Å"I hope, then, that you'll consider resting and taking a brief refreshment in my home.† â€Å"Oh, well, that's really nice, but-â€Å" Shaya cleared her throat loudly. I glanced over at her. She gave me a pointed look that gave no question to what she wanted me to do. Grimacing, I glanced back down at poor, groveling Davros. Damn. I wanted nothing more than to get out of the Otherworld right now. I didn't want to stop for teatime. My expression must have looked scary because Davros blanched and lowered his head meekly. I sighed. â€Å"We'd love to.† Mayor or not, Davros didn't have a very big house. Only Shaya, Rurik, and I joined him inside, while the rest of my party milled around outdoors. From the village, Davros had invited a few other important officials, as well as his wife and two grown sons. We sat at a round oak table while his wife served us red wine and something that reminded me of baklava. I sipped only a little of the wine, not wanting to risk dehydration in this weather. I wasn't much better at making conversation here than at Maiwenn's, but fortunately, there was no need for me to do anything. Davros and his associates kept the talking going, most of the conversation centering on how glad they were that I had come by, what an honor it was to meet me, how they hoped I'd call on them if I needed anything, et cetera, et cetera. Which was why it was a bit shocking when Davros' wife suddenly asked, â€Å"But if you would, your majesty, please tell us what it is we've done to displease you. We'll do anything at all to make amends and gain your favor once more. Anything.† I almost choked on the honey cake. â€Å"What do you mean†¦displease me?† The villagers exchanged glances. â€Å"Well†¦,† said Davros at last. â€Å"There must be something. You've placed a blight on the land, stripping us of our water and food. Surely we've done something to warrant your most righteous displeasure.† â€Å"You need only let us know what it is,† piped in someone else. â€Å"We will do anything you require to lift this curse from us.† This was the most astonishing thing to happen to me all day-which was saying something. I looked at Shaya and Rurik for help, having no clue how to respond to this. For a moment, I thought they would once again make me fend for myself, until Shaya finally spoke. â€Å"The residents had built their lives around the shape of the land when Aeson ruled it, when it was the Alder Land. When it transformed itself to you, their old ways no longer worked. Their crops don't grow in this weather. The wells have run dry.† I stared at her in shock. Never, never had this occurred to me-but then, it wasn't like I'd spent a whole lot of time thinking about the Thorn Land. Most of my energy had been spent on figuring out how to avoid it. Studying Shaya, I wondered how long she'd known about this. I somehow doubted there was much that went on around here that she didn't know about. From the looks of Rurik's averted gaze, it appeared as though he'd known about this problem as well. Both knew how upset I got when forced to deal with any sort of queenly issues. So both had spared me the details while these people suffered. I turned back to Davros. â€Å"It's not a curse†¦it's, I don't know, it's just the way the land is. The way I wanted it to be.† Astonished looks met me, and I could only imagine what a freak I sounded like. When Aeson had ruled, this land had been green and lush, filled with forests and fertile farmland. Who in their right mind would turn it into a desert? Davros confirmed as much. â€Å"But this land†¦this land is impossible to survive in,† he said. â€Å"Not where I come from,† I told him. â€Å"This is like the land I grew up in. People live and flourish there.† People also had modern ways of bringing in water and shopping for whatever other stuff they might need. And that wasn't even taking air-conditioning into account. â€Å"How?† he asked. I didn't know how to readily answer. I didn't really understand the intimate details of my world's infrastructure. I turned a faucet and water came out. I went to the grocery store and bought milk and Pop-Tarts. Desperately, I racked my brain and tried to pull out elementary school lessons about Arizona's history. â€Å"Irrigation,† I said lamely. â€Å"Squash, I think. And, um, corn.† Had the natives grown corn? Or was I getting confused by stereotypes? Shit. I was so ignorant. The only thing I felt confident of was that Pop-Tarts were not cultivated natively in Arizona. The looks the others gave me told me I wasn't helping this situation any. I glanced at Shaya and Rurik, but this time, no help came. The full weight of what I'd done started to sink in. Maybe I hadn't wanted this land. Maybe I hadn't intentionally turned it into a mirror of wild Tucson. The point was: it was done. The Thorn Land was as it was, and taking in these ragged and starving people, I realized it was all my fault. Only, I had no clue how to fix it. I was too much a product of modern innovation. There was nothing I could do. Scratch that. There was one thing I could do. I abruptly stood from the table, catching everyone by surprise. As custom dictated, they all hastily scrambled and rose as well. Without explaining myself, I headed outside, back out into the village. Behind me, I could hear Davros babbling something, apparently thinking they'd again caused offense. They probably thought I was about to send lightning bolts from the sky. As it was, that might not have been a bad idea-if I actually had that power. These people could certainly use rain. But one rainstorm wouldn't fix things, and I could hardly do it day after day. Instead, I walked out to the middle of the street and came to a halt. My guards straightened up, awaiting my orders, and other residents stopped to see what was happening. Those from Davros' gathering soon poured out of the house and joined everyone else. I closed my eyes, opening myself to the world around me. I smelled the clean, fresh scent of the desert and the faint, faint breeze blowing through it. The setting sun warmed my skin. Then, I pushed deeper, reaching out to that which the magic within me instinctively bonded to. I felt the minuscule water vapor in the air, but that wasn't what I wanted. I had to go further. I sent my magical senses into the ground, seeking water throughout the village. None. I remembered what Shaya had said about wells drying up, which meant the surface wasn't going to yield anything. That meant I'd have to go deeper still. There. Back in the direction we'd entered town, I felt a hit. I opened my eyes and strode toward it, the water calling to me. I was vaguely aware of a crowd following me, but I paid them no attention. Only the water was my goal. When I reached the spot, I found that it was just on the town's outer edge. A mesquite tree grew nearby, which should have been a tip-off. They had deep feelers that penetrated the earth in search of moisture. I too sent my power into the ground, trying to summon the water up. There was a lot of dirt between me and it, and I realized it wouldn't do these people any good in the long term to just suck it to the surface right now. I turned around and found Davros right behind me, face anxious. I pointed to the ground. â€Å"You guys need to dig here. Right now. There's water here.† He stared at me, mouth agape. A moment later, he snapped out of it and turned to those nearest him. â€Å"You heard the queen! Fetch shovels immediately. And find anyone who can work with the earth.† Earth magic. A smart idea. Gentry didn't have bulldozers or drills, but they did have people who could throw around huge piles of dirt, which was pretty sweet for this kind of thing. Dorian-who was probably the strongest earth user in the Otherworld-could cause earthquakes and level buildings. In minutes, a group had assembled. I tried to take a shovel and help, but that nearly caused Shaya and Davros to have a heart attack. Queens didn't do that kind of work. Instead, I stepped back, watching as the other villagers used magic and manual labor to dig where I'd indicated. When the hole grew too deep for shovels, the village's two earth-magic users took over. Even combined, they were nowhere near Dorian in strength, but they definitely sped the process along, kicking up towers of dirt along the sides. Finally, I heard a great cheer. Everyone else and I crowded to the hole's sides, peering down. It was deep in the ground, but muddy water was slowly filling up the bottom. I looked at Davros. â€Å"Can you guys turn this into a well?† I certainly hoped so because I sure as hell had no idea how to do it. I imagined it involved stones and a bucket, but maybe that was just my naà ¯ve fairy-tale images. His head bobbed eagerly. â€Å"Yes, yes, your majesty. Thank you, your majesty.† After that, it was nearly impossible to leave. I was regarded as a miracle worker. I was no longer the tyrant queen. I was their savior, the generous and wonderful monarch who had brought life to their land. I declined their pleas to stay and celebrate but told them I'd be back with other ways to save their town. Admittedly, I had no idea what that would entail, but mentioning such a minor detail would have seriously brought down everyone's mood. When we were finally mounted up and able to head out, I suddenly felt a tug on my shoe. Surprised, I looked down and saw a middle-aged man gazing up at me. A similarly aged woman stood close beside him. â€Å"How dare you touch the queen!† gasped Davros. From his face, it looked like he was seriously afraid I might level the town. I waved him off. â€Å"It's okay.† The man who'd pulled my leg regarded me pleadingly. â€Å"Please, your majesty. My wife and I have a boon to ask of you!† â€Å"That's a favor or a request,† said Rurik helpfully. â€Å"I know what a boon is,† I snapped. I looked back down at the couple, unwilling to make any promises yet. â€Å"What is it?† The man put his arm around the woman. â€Å"We've heard that you're both a great warrior and a great magic user.† â€Å"And clearly kind and compassionate,† added his wife. â€Å"And?† I asked. â€Å"And very beautiful and-â€Å" â€Å"No,† I exclaimed. â€Å"I mean, what's your boon?† â€Å"Our daughter has been taken,† the woman said, eyes filling with tears. â€Å"We beg you to help us get her back.† â€Å"Whoa. That might be a little beyond my reach,† I told them. â€Å"When you say taken, do you mean, like, kidnapped?† They both nodded, and I was swept by a strange sense of deja vu. I'd first stumbled into this Otherworldly mess when I'd been hired in the human world to also find a missing girl. The girl had turned out to be Jasmine, though I'd had no clue at the time that she was half-gentry, let alone my sister. Was my life destined to be filled with missing girls? Davros stepped forward, looking upset and embarrassed. â€Å"Your majesty, please ignore them for troubling you with something so meaningless. Their daughter was not taken by anyone. She ran off to Highmore with her lover from a neighboring village.† I glanced at Shaya and Rurik. â€Å"What's Highmore?† â€Å"Really?† asked Rurik dryly. â€Å"I thought you already knew everything.† I glared at him. â€Å"It's a city,† said Shaya. â€Å"The largest in this kingdom.† â€Å"Wait, what? I have cities?† I asked, feeling my eyes go wide. The distraught couple interrupted my new revelation. â€Å"Davros is wrong,† the woman said. â€Å"Our daughter did not run off. She was taken by the bandits who live in the passes.† â€Å"Everyone knows they're there,† added the man. He eyed Davros. â€Å"Them and their beasts. Even you won't deny their existence. They've been there for years, and she isn't the first girl to disappear.† I turned to Davros. â€Å"Is that true?† He shifted uncomfortably under my gaze. â€Å"Well, yes, your majesty, but such brigands are nothing you need to concern yourself about, just as King Aeson did not.† â€Å"Wait. Aeson knew there were bandits going after you guys and didn't do anything?† â€Å"Such petty concerns were beneath him,† said Davros. To my astonishment, he seemed to believe that. â€Å"I don't know,† I said slowly. â€Å"If a monarch doesn't take care of that kind of thing, I'm not really sure what they're supposed to do.† Truthfully, I didn't want to deal with this any more than I wanted any other Thorn Land responsibilities. But the mention of Aeson had stirred my blood. Aeson had been a self-serving asshole, and it pissed me off that he would have left these people to fend for themselves. The only thing I wanted less than to be a ruler was to be a ruler like him. Furthermore, the same fury that Jasmine's abduction had stirred in me flared up. Maybe it was my own experience with always being chased down by aggressive men, but I hated the thought of any girl facing rape or abduction. It didn't matter that these were gentry girls and not humans. The principle was the same. Brigands and thieves taking advantage of young girls, of preying on those weaker, had to be stopped. â€Å"I'll send people to take care of these bandits,† I said finally. Behind me, Rurik made a strange sound. â€Å"But I can't make any guarantees about your daughter.† The couple's faces lit up, and they fell to the ground in gratitude. â€Å"Thank you, your majesty!† the woman cried. Her husband chimed in. â€Å"Truly you are generous and magnanimous and-â€Å" â€Å"Yeah, okay, there's no need for that,† I said hastily. â€Å"Or to kneel. You're going to get all dirty.† We had just started to ride away when Shaya leaned toward me. â€Å"You've made a lot of promises today.† I thought about it. She was right. I'd promised to help them get food, rebuild their infrastructure, and rid themselves of those who preyed upon them. â€Å"Yeah. I guess I did.† She gave me a bemused look. â€Å"And how are you going to accomplish all of this?† I glanced around us, noting that the faces watching us leave town were no longer blank and afraid. They were grateful and adoring. I sighed. â€Å"That,† I told her, â€Å"is an excellent question.†

Darwin had during the Voyage of the Beagle that led to each of the Essay

Darwin had during the Voyage of the Beagle that led to each of the component parts of his Theory of Evolution (Descent with Modi - Essay Example Darwin’s inspiration came from a five-year voyage of a ship known as the Beagle, during which he was the ship’s geologist. The voyage gave him many changes to observe the distribution of both wildlife and fossils, and he eventually collected these ideas into an extensive theory of natural selection, which he published in his book, The Origin of Species . Prior to Darwin’s theory, the predominant belief was that animals and plants were as God had created them, there were no differences. If change had been observed across time then this was explained that, for example, a generic bird had given birth to a woodpecker, with no apparent reason other than the will of God. Darwin considered that this did not match what he saw during the voyage, and what he considered and theorized over the time following. Darwin’s theory of evolution consisted of four parts, each of which was supported by observations that Darwin had made during the voyage of the Beagle. Variation within Species One of the key observations that Darwin made during the voyage of the Beagle, was the wide ranging variation within members of the same species. There were almost limitless types of variation, such as beak type and size in birds, amount of hair, eye color, and number of offspring produced, ability to conceal and success at mating. Species that had wide ranges, occupied a number of variable habitat types and were common had the most variation. Likewise, species that were in larger genera had more variation than those in smaller genera. Inheritance of Traits Darwin observed that many of the traits that varied among individuals of the same species were passed from a parent to its offspring. For example, a bird with a distinct beak shape passes this on to some or all of their offspring. Not all variation was heritable; some variation was not passed on from parent to offspring, but was a result of environmental changes, such as hair color as a consequence of exposure to s unlight. This was important for Darwin’s theory of evolution, as for traits to change over time; there was a need for the ability for them to be passed from one generation to the next. High Population Growth When individuals produced offspring, they generally produced many more than would survive. Darwin observed this in a wide range of species, including both animals, bird and plant species. The effect was particularly strong in plants which often produce hundreds of offspring, but only a handful survive to maturity due to competition, predation and other externals factors. This led Darwin to predict that the presence of different traits in the individuals in the population would increase the survival of some, and decrease it in others. Struggle for Existence and Differential Survival Darwin observed that there was a constant struggle for individuals and species to survive. Species occupied areas that were not ideal to them in order to avoid competition or predation, and ind ividuals were constantly exposed to a fight to survive. This struggle was not limited to different species, but was equally strong between members of the same species. What species were struggling against, varied widely among species, for example a plant in the desert struggles to acquire enough water to survive, while plants in the tropics struggle for their offspring to acquire enough sunlight and resources due to intense inter- and intra-specific competition. It was this

An evaluation something on campus after closely studying this Essay

An evaluation something on campus after closely studying this something ,develop fair criteria topic can be a specific place,event,or service(must be on campus) - Essay Example The staff has been specifically trained and organized to manage the health of the students. There is enough medication for the students in the college and this leads to a better way of running the campus since there is not much time wasted on treating the students. One of the major drawbacks of the health care systems is that it has a paying fees for the service provided, which comes at a cost to the students who expect subsidised costs and cheap services, which is something missing from this system. The health care system also does not have enough space to cater to a large number of people at the same time, and this may prove to be futile if there arises a need to cater to a large number of students. Since all the students are eligible for treatments it basically depends on who can afford the treatment and who cannot. To meet the requirement of each and every student the college has made sure that the treatment comes cheap and not too expensive so that the people don’t have to think twice before going for the health care system. The health care center also offers health insurance for the students at a very nominal charge. This is done to facilitate health consciousness and awareness among the students of the college and to allow them to retain benefit from the college at the cheapest prices. The idea is to make sure that if anything happens to the students then the health insurance will cover the greatest of the greatest costs of the students and that shall also help him to undergo his treatment at low prices. Whenever a student visits the college a confidential health record is maintained by the college health center. This is done to maintain the privacy of the student and also in the best interest of medical ethics. There are certain rights which the patient has and these shall be understood in detail. The first and the foremost right the patient has is the right to be given quality treatment irrespective of the background of the

SLP Time Warp 2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

SLP Time Warp 2 - Essay Example Using the formula of the volume-cost-profit, the CVP determines the relationship between the three aspects and thus helps in decision-making, and strategy development. One key benefit of utilizing the CVP tool as an analytical tool is in its ability to facilitate making of decisions as pertains the three products under analysis, the X5, X6, and the X7. Further, its benefits include the capability of making decisions for a particular year, not at its start, but at the conclusion of the previous year (Bivainiene, 2010). The utilization of the CVP is diverse and includes, but not limited to the calculation of the point of breakeven, as well as calculations of the possible prices of varied products that would yield a pre-specified profit margin. The main core of this project is to have a better performance as compared to that of Joe Schmoe, determined by the profit margin generated in the three products, X5, X6, and X7. The strategy to be adopted in this case will, therefore, be focused on increased revenue development that surpasses the amount that the company generated under the captainship of Joe Schmoe (Slotegraaf & Pauwels, 2008). Under Joe Schmoe, the amount of revenue generated for the years extending 2012 -2015 was $ 954, 830, 241. This strategic analysis wills thus focuses on the generation of revenues to the tune of $ 1, 000, 000, 000. The manner in which this figure is hoped to be attained is depicted in the table displayed below. The accuracy of this table is guaranteed since any figures have been arrived at after careful analysis of the Time Warp 1 and profits attained by Joe Schmoe. Profit allocation for $1, 000, 000, 000. Product X5: Having been in the market for a period of about 3 years, the developmental stage for the product can be defined as being between maturity and shakeout. The sensitivity of the products price has the consequent affect that to increase in the sale of the various units; a price reduction may come in handy. This, in essence, is the strategy for growth that we plan to implement as concerns product X5. After inputting such variables as the R & D, the price, ands the aspired profit into a CVP calculator, we can confidently calculate the relation between the targeted profit and the sales volume projected. The same procedure was repeated in the year 2013. However, the product line was discontinued since it is evident that the profitability of the product X5 is limited, attributable to its attaining its maturity phase. This table is reflective of the volume of sales required to achieve the $ 1 million in terms of profits, assuming that the product X5 is sold at $ 245, with a 30% R & D, yielding a total value of about 1, 676, 190 units. This figure is arrived at by a calculation of the cumulative revenue as a factor of the unit price. Alternatively, this calculation can be made via the sum of the fixed costs as a ratio of profits, calculated by their contribution margin in each unit. Product X6 The product X6, one of the products in the tablet development, boasts of a 2 year existence in the market. Unlike in the case of the X5, the product X6 reveals that customers look into such issue as performance and quality in making decisions on whether to purchase a specific product or not. The product quality is directly related to the specifications

Claims for Damages in the Court of Appeal Case Study

Claims for Damages in the Court of Appeal - Case Study Example Secondary victims may successfully claim on the ground of pure physical injury as what happened in McLoughlin v O’Brian, where the Court held that secondary victims may claim on the ground of psychiatric injury in cases that the claimant is a close relative of the primary victim and the former was able to witness by reason of physical proximity which made witnessing or hearing the accident possible. In determining whether the present case will present positive prospects of recovery, the Court classified the appellants as to whether they could be secondary victims at the very least. The pivotal incident, in this case, was the shooting of Mr. Ashley, an incident that was not witnessed by the appellants. They were not, therefore, secondary victims. The psychiatric injury caused by that event upon the appellants was indirect and stemmed from the stress that the subsequent disciplinary and criminal proceedings that followed after it. The lower court, according to Lord Phillips, is not empowered to extend the law on negligence by accommodating the claims of the appellants. The case that the appellants relied upon, viz. Waters v Commissioner of Police for the Metropolis is not applicable to the case at bar, according to Lord Phillips, because it contemplates of â€Å"bullying† in the workplace, which the employer failed to stop, and not a novel extension of the duty of care. In winding his discussion, Lord Phillips quoted Lord Steyn in the Frost.  case: â€Å"My Lords, the law on the recovery of compensation for pure psychiatric harm is a patchwork quilt of distinctions which are difficult to justify. [†¦] The only prudent course is to treat the pragmatic categories as reflected in authoritative decisions such as the Alcock case [1992] 1 AC 310 and Page v Smith [1996] AC 155 as settled for the time being, but by and large to leave any expansion or development in this corner of the law to Parliament.      

Disease and Conditions of the Circulatory System Essay

Disease and Conditions of the Circulatory System - Essay Example Tablets should be counted daily and every attack should be noted and reported to the doctor/physician. If you are using the transdermal Ointment, squeeze the prescribed dose to the applicator then spread it in a thin layer on the patch. Then put the patch on the skin surfaces without hair. Finally cover and wrap with secure tape. The ointment should not touch your fingers. Keep changing the areas of application to avoid inflammation. Store the container in a cool dry place. The Hypertensive heart disease is a number of combined complications of the systematic arterial hypertension or high blood pressure affecting the heart. There is hypertensive heart disease with heart failure and that without. It is a risk factor for atherosclerosis and and ischemic heart disease. It is caused by chronically elevated blood pressure. High blood pressure increases the pressure of the blood vessels, making the heart to work harder while pumping blood. The heart muscles thicken and the left ventricle of the heart is enlarged. The heart can no longer pump the amounts of blood it could before. This leads to the thickening of the blood vessel walls .It accounts for 90% of the cases of hypertension in adults. Framingham conducted a study that showed that the disease accounts for a quarter of the heart failure cases. It has been common in the elderly. Its preference is high due to the many reported cases of blood pressure today. Due to societal anxieties, more and more people are being diagnosed with blood pressure a risk factor of the heart disease. This inturn makes more people prone due to the heredity factor. Leisure activities like smoking and not eating healthy also have led to the increase in the rate of prevalence. Other contributing risk factors include obesity and diabetes which are on the rise daily. The prevalence can be reduced by people living healthier lifestyles and avoiding smoking, eating healthy and exercising. One should

Research project Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3750 words

Research project - Essay Example The literature review of the proposal was mainly designed to shed light on the existing scenario of the employee management aspects in the corporate industry. However, this segment will focus on the overall factors that are closely connected with employee turnover and employee retention process in the fast food firms. The observations presented by Alan, Radzi and Hemdi (2009) show that business growth and development process is supported by the contributions of their employee base however the changes in their workforce are not being considered by the business houses which creates a mystery in the corporate concepts. Moncarz, Zhao and Kay (2009) further added that although business houses are aware of the changes in the situation of the job market and the extensive search for talent in the business, the employee retention process of the first food industry is mainly done by the tangible rewards such as tips received from customers or the incentives paid by the employer. However, the nature of work may be a demoralising factor for long term service in the sector. Rankin (2008) stated that the skills required for working in fast food industry are primarily based on fast and quality service which also serves as a foothold for the employees to curve their passage towards the hospitality industry and b ig brands in the sector. Chang and Chang (2008) also confirmed to the fact that biog hotels and restaurants are searching for talent in the fast food sector considering their service providing abilities and also the ability to handle pressure during peak seasons. These are some factors which influence the employee turnover rate of the fast food segment. Focusing on the existing employee retention policies being implemented in the fast food segment, it can be stated that their strategies are not significant enough to reduce the overall employee turnover. Ferres, Connell and Traraglione (2004) noticed that the financial standard of the fast food firms in comparison to biog

Is there mutual incompatibility of deep integration, national Essay

Is there mutual incompatibility of deep integration, national sovereignty, and democracy Discuss - Essay Example The process of economic integration however carries with it inherent qualities which seem to be incompatible with the principles of sovereignty and democracy. This paper shall discuss this incompatibility in the Central Eastern European (CEE) region, in the hope of coming up with a clear and comprehensive assessment of the region and on the application of globalization practices. There is a mutual incompatibility of deep integration, national sovereignty and democracy in the CEE region because of the inherent qualities of independent and sovereign states which set them apart from each other. National sovereignty refers to the right of a state in relation to its territories to perform, â€Å"to the exclusion of any other state, the functions of a state† (Strange, 1996, p. 45). Integration, to some extent, demands that sovereignty be given up or relinquished to the region or to the global market. The CEE region is a region which is mainly composed of post-communist countries from Czech Republic to Russia (BlogCamp, 2008). In some instances, it is also known as the emerging or the new Europe in the sense that it is slowly emerging in the current digitized world. For example, Ukraine manifested a 100% annual growth of online advertising market for two years in a row (BlogCamp, 2008). The growth of the region in terms of internet usage and economic advance s will be considered in the area of Eastern Europe (Russia, Ukraine, Belarus, and Moldova); Central Europe (Poland, Czech Republic, Hungary, and Slovakia); Baltics (Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania); and Eastern Balkans (Romania and Bulgaria) (BlogCamp, 2008). In the previous year, analysts were keen to note that the region was headed towards a regional crisis which was very like the East Asia crisis towards the end of the 90s. The crisis showed that the region was rife with problems in its regional

Self Awareness Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Self Awareness - Essay Example In the modern society, being an effective team player boosts one’s ability to realize higher performance efficiency. My ability to work effectively with other team members offers a brighter future in regard to job prospect in the manufacturing company where I wish to join. Consistent participation in class discussions and tolerance towards cultural diversity among classmates has seen me create many friends and relate well with teaching staff. This has earned me a position as class representative which reflects my strong interpersonal skills and effective communication ability. Besides, being a class representative means I effectively work with members to achieve specific goals within the set deadline hence my exhibition of team player. Despite the aforementioned points of strengths, I have to improve on some areas of weakness that pose significant threat to my future job prospects. My intrapersonal skill is significantly poor in respect of emotional control. For instance, I fear failure and in the event of one of potential threat I get it difficult to manage stress. This is a great blow when it comes to internal motivation and drive to perform. The evident danger of this weakness a possible puncture on work values enshrined in my potential employer’s firm. Relentless efforts to manage this problem entail consistent sessions with guidance and counseling professional. Such psychotherapy sessions are likely to open up my unexploited potential as a lower level manager before I can rise up the ladder. Besides, I intend to engage in physical exercise after personal assignments and have private times to reflect on my life. This master plan would help me overcome the internal challenge of emotional stability. Work values are the driving force behind efficiency. I believe in honesty as it serves the general interest of the society. In workplace, I believe that honest disclosure of personal feeling and attendance of

The nature of God Essay Example for Free

The nature of God Essay Explain what the creation reveals about the nature of God (35) Question B). To what extent is God responsible for everything in creation? (10) Answer A). Parts of God’s nature and attributes are revealed and shown in the Creation Story of Genesis. The first being Creatio Ex Nihilo; this is how God created everything out of nothing, however, this attribute is not made completely clear in Genesis as it could be perceived as God shaping and calming the chaos that was already there. This questions whether God is a Craftsman as he would have used materials already in existence. God as Creator is another attribute portrayed in the beginning of the creation story, meaning that God created the world deliberately – therefore you cannot make something if you already have it. However, for Augustine these attributes are so far to be recognised as God must also be transcendent to being eternal as this would mean he is outside time and space, therefore making Creatio Ex Nihilo possible. When God begins creation, both omnipotence and perfection are shown. God says ‘let there be light’ and then there is light – whatever God commands becomes into existence. And then Genesis says that it was Good, showing that whatever God commands is perfect. It also shows God’s goodness, God is the highest standard of good and therefore whatever he commands is good. God created the world as an act of love showing omnibenevolence , he is an all-loving creature and created the world for us to live in. (27/35) Answer B). To an extent, God is responsible for everything in creation because he created the world; everything, and everyone in existence which shows that his power is now a consequence of that. Using the analogy of ‘creating a gun, is just as bad as shooting someone’ some people may argue that God created the gun even as an act of love, is the sole blame for all the bad and evil in the world. They may also argue that as God is omniscient as he would be able to see all of the bad that will come from creating the world and yet still chose to create the gun anyway. However, Christians may criticise this view with the fact that God gave us free will and therefore cannot be blamed for all the evil in the world. Some may argue that although God saw all the bad that would come from creating the world he also saw all the good that has happened, and is yet to come. Also, some Christians believe that God created the world and then left, so although he all created the world as an act of love and stewardship, he left it for us to look after – as our own responsibility and so cannot be blamed. On the hand to no extent is God responsible for everything in creation because Atheist would argue that God doesn’t exist and so plays no part in what happens in the world. However Christians would disagree with this. In conclusion, I believe God is responsible to extent for everything in creation because he created everything knowing what will come of it, but also gave us free will, and may have seen all the possibilities of this. Overall though, I don’t know if God exists so he could not be responsible what-so-ever. (7/10)

Development of Anti-Cancer Agent

Development of Anti-Cancer Agent Design, ultrasound assisted synthesis and in-vitro anticancer activity of 3-(4-chlorophenyl) sydnone and 3-(4-chlorophenyl) sydnonecarboxaldehyde against 60 Human Tumor cell lines Sachin K. Bhosale, Shreenivas R. Deshpande  and Rajendra D. Wagh Design, ultrasound asisted synthesis and in-vitro anticancer activity of 3-(4-chlorophenyl) sydnone and 3-(4-chlorophenyl) sydnonecarboxaldehyde against 60 Human Tumor cell lines Abstract: In an attempt to develop an effective and safer anticancer agent, 3-(4-chlorophenyl)-4-sydnonecarboxaldehyde 5 have been designed and synthesized under ultrasonication by formylation of 3-(4-chlorophenyl)-sydnone 4 and characterized by spectral studies. The ultrasonic method of synthesis was found to be simple, ecofriendly, reduces reaction time and gave good yield when compared with traditional methods of synthesis. Anticancer activity of the compounds were tested against 60 human tumor cell lines and compared with standard drug Vincristine sulphate. Cytotoxicity evaluation revealed that compound 5 is most potent against NCI-H23 (Non-Small cell lung cancer) with comparative activity of Vincristine sulphate. Compound 5 also had shown moderate cytotoxicity against T-47D (Breast cancer), CAKI-1, UO-31 (Renal cancer), HL-16TB (Leukemia), NCI-H23, NCI-H522 (Non-Small cell lung cancer), SNB-75 (CNS cancer), MALME-3 (Melanoma). In future, research and modification of compounds to different derivatives may lead to development of potent anticancer drug. Keywords: Anticancer, 1, 2, 3-oxadiazol-5-olate, Formylation, Ultrasonication INTRODUCTION Mesoionic sydnone compounds have shown a variety of biological activities including antitumor ((Kier et al., 1964, Dunkley et al., 2003, Satyanarayana et al., 1995, Kavali et al., 2000, Dunkley et al., 2003, Fregly et al., 1964, Stewart et al., 1965, Roche et al., 1965). It is thought that the ionic resonance structures of the heterocyclic ring promote significant interactions with biological molecules. In 1992 a series of 4-substituted-3-nitrophenylsydnones were synthesized and evaluated by Grynberg et al for anticancer activity and it was found that the 4-chloro and the 4-pyrrolidino compounds significantly enhanced the survival of Sarcoma 180 (S180), Ehrlich carcinoma (Ehrlich) and Fibrous histiocytoma (B10MCII) tumor bearing mice(Dunkley et al., 2003). It was also found that the larger hetero rings; p-piperidino and p-morpholino, were less potent (Kier et al., 1964, Dunkley et al., 2003). Herein we report the design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of two para-chloro substit uted analogues of sudnone molecules 4 and 5. These were tested for 60 human tumor cell lines at the National Cancer Institute for antitumor activity at a minimum of five concentrations at 10-fold dilutions.The synthesized chloro substituted sydnones (4 and 5) passed the primary assay by inhibiting the growth of at least one cell line to less than 32%, and both are proved to be moderate active and versatile against each cell line. MATERIALS AND METHODS All chemicals and reagents were purchased form from Sigma-Aldrich, Mumbai, India. Melting points of the intermediates and the final products were recorded using a Systolic melting point apparatus and are reported uncorrected. Thin layer chromatographies (TLC) were performed on E-Merck precoated 60 F254 plates and the spots were rendered visible by exposing to UV light. Infra red spectra were recorded in KBr discs using Jasco FTIR 1460 Plus spectrometer. NMR spectra were obtained on a BRUKER AVANCE II 400 NMR spectrometer at 500 MHz for 1H and 125 MHz for 13C, the chemical shifts are expressed in ÃŽ ´ (ppm) downfield from tetramethylsilane (TMS). Electron impact mass spectra were recorded on WATERS, Q-TOF MICROMASS (LC-MS) instrument. Elemental analyses (C, H, N) were in full agreement with the proposed structures within  ±0.4% of the theoretical values. The ultrasonic irradiation was performed by using a Biotechnics India TM ultrasonic cleaner bath, model 1510, AC input 115 V, outp ut 50 W, 1.9 liters with a mechanical timer (60 min with continuous hold) and heater switch, 47 KHz. Synthesis of Ethyl N-(4-chlorophenyl) glycinate (1) A mixture of Para-Chloroaniline (2.80 g, 0.02mol) and chloroethyl acetate (2.12 mL, 0.02mol) was added to the solution of ethanol (20 mL) and anhydrous sodium acetate (3.28 g, 0.04mol) under ultrasonication conditions and allowed to react for 120 min. The mixture was diluted with 20 mL of water and cooled in refrigerator for overnight and recrystallized in ethanol to yield 1 (83%), mp 114-116  ºC. IR (KBr): 3327, 2950, 2934, 2879, 1756, 1069; 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6): ÃŽ ´ 1.21 (t, 3H, COOCH2CH3), 3.76 (s, 1H, NH), 4.29 (s, 2H, CH2), 4.54 (q, 2H, COOCH2CH3), 6.83-7.21 (m, 4H, Ar-H); 13C NMR (40 MHz, DMSO-d6): ÃŽ ´ 14.65, 44.73, 62.07, 115.12, 123.22, 129.01, 146.26, 173.13. Synthesis of N-(4-chlorophenyl) glycine (2) Ethyl N-(4-chlorophenyl) glycinate (4.26 g, 0.02mol) and sodium hydroxide (1.2 g, 0.030mol) in ethanol was heated under ultrasonication conditions at 65  °C for 15 min and allowed to cool and acidified with dil HCl. Yield 87 %, mp 146-148  ºC. IR (KBr): 3319, 3277, 2951, 2937, 2879, 1703, 1063; 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6): ÃŽ ´ 4.29 (s, 2H, CH2), 6.39 (s, 1H, COOH), 6.55 (s, 1H, NH), 6.79-7.27 (m, 4H, Ar-H); 13C NMR (40 MHz, DMSO-d6): ÃŽ ´ 44.48, 115.02, 124.16, 130.02, 145.97, 171.98. Synthesis of N-nitroso (4-chlorophenyl) glycine (3) Ice cold solution of the N-(4-chlorophenyl) glycine (3.72 g, 0.02mol) was added in crushed ice water (40 mL). A solution of sodium nitrite (1.38 g, 0.02mol) in ice cold water (10 mL) was added dropwise under ultrasonication condition at 0  °C for 10 min. The reaction mixture was filtered and precipitated by adding concentrated hydrochloric acid to the filtrate. Precipitate was filtered and recrystallized in methanol to yield 3 (81%), mp 109-111  ºC. IR (KBr): 3255-2521, 2923, 2849, 1711, 1569, 1325, 1062; 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6): ÃŽ ´ 5.02 (s, 2H, CH2), 6.93-7.45 (m, 4H, Ar-H), 11.55 (s, 1H, COOH); 13C NMR (40 MHz, DMSO-d6): ÃŽ ´ 49.42, 120.75, 128.29, 130.43, 138.78, and 169.25. Synthesis of 3-(4-chlorophenyl) sydnone (4) Acetic anhydride (30 mL) was added to 3 (5.40 g, 0.0252 mol) under ultrasonication condition at room temperature for 60 min. The reaction mixture was left overnightat room temperature. The solution was poured slowly into cold water which was very well stirred. The crude sydnone was filtered, dried and recrystallized in ethanol to yield 4 (93%), mp 139-141  ºC. IR (KBr): 3181, 1748, 1053. 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6): ÃŽ ´ 7.23 (s, 1H, sydnone), 7.49-8.13 (m, 4H, Ar-H). 13C NMR (40 MHz, DMSO-d6): ÃŽ ´ 123.15, 126.49, 131.53, 136.13, 141.13, 170.07 Synthesis of 3-(4-chlorophenyl)-4-sydnonecarboxaldehyde (5) N-Methylformanilide 2.84g (0.0210mol) and phosphoryl chloride (3.17g, 0.0205mol) were mixed under ultrasonication conditions for 10 min. After 0.5 h, 3.0 g (0.0186mol) of 4 was added portionwise with swirling and cooling under ultrasonication below 350C. Hydrogen chloride was evolved vigorously. After standing overnight, the viscous, dark-brown mixture was dissolved in 15 ml. of acetone and poured (stirring) into 75 ml. of ice water. The yellow-orange precipitate was filtered, washed (cold water), and dried. Yield 56%, mp 75-77 0C. MS (M+) (m/e) 223.99, 225.996, 225.002. IR (KBr): 1790 (Ñ ´C=O sydnone ring), 1640 (Ñ ´C=O aldehyde). 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6): ÃŽ ´ 7.2, 7.2, 7.3, 7.3 (Cl-Ph-), 9.61 (Sydnone-4-CHO). 13C NMR (40 MHz, DMSO-d6): ÃŽ ´ 127, 129, 129, 130, 130, 134 (Cl-Ph-) 190 (CHO). Element analysis: C; 48.13, H; 2.24, N; 12.47, O; 21.37 Scheme 1-Synthesis of 3-(substituted aryl)-4-sydnonecarboxaldehyde (5) under ultrasonication conditions 1.3. Anticancer screening The synthesized compound was screened for preliminary anticancer assay by National Cancer Institute (NCI), Bethesda, USA in an in vitro 60 human tumor cell panel. The process utilized 60 different human tumor cell lines of the leukemia, Non-small cell lung, Colon, CNS, melanoma, ovarian, renal, Prostrate and breast cancers which was aimed in showing selective growth inhibition or cell killing of particular tumor cell lines by specific compound. The screening begins with the evaluation of selected compounds against these 60 cell lines at a single dose of 10-5 M. The output from the single dose screen is reported as a mean graph of the percent growth of treated cells. It allows detection of both growth inhibition (values between 0 and 100) and lethality (values less than 0) (Roschke et al., 2003, Lorenzi et al., 2009, Mingyi et al., 2013, Al-Suwaidan et al., 2013, Senff-Ribeiro et al., 2004, Butkovic et al., 2011, Lorenzi et al., 2009, Mingyi et al., 2013, Al-Suwaidan et al., 2013, Sen ff-Ribeiro et al., 2004, Butkovic et al., 2011). RESULT Compund 5 showed highly cytotoxic activity against NCI-H23 cell line (Non-Small cell lung cancer) as compared to standard drug Vincristine sulphate. Compound 5 also had shown moderate cytotoxicity against T-47D (Breast cancer), CAKI-1, UO-31(Renal cancer), HL-16TB (Leukemia), NCI-H23, NCI-H522 (Non-Small cell lung cancer), SNB-75 (CNS cancer), MALME-3 (Melanoma). Details of % growth inhibition for comp. 4 (NSC 35759) 5 (NSC 774943/1) as shown in table 1. Table1 One dose mean graph for compound 4 (NSC: 35759) and compound 5 (NSC: 774943 / 1) Conc: 1.00E-5 Molar Table 2 Percent Growth inhibition of synthesized compounds against most effective cancer cell lines Figure1 Percentage growh inhibition for cytotoxic activity evaluation of synthesized ompounds Figure 2 Percentage growh inhibitions for cytotoxic activity evaluation of compound 4 Figure 3 Percentage growh inhibitions for cytotoxic activity evaluation of compound 5 Figure 4 Percentage growh inhibitions for cytotoxic activity evaluation of standard anticancer drug Vincristine sulphate. DISCUSSION Molecules synthesized under ultrasonication conditions. The method provides several advantages over current reaction methodologies, including a simple work up procedure. The ultrasonic method of synthesis was also found to be simple, ecofriendly, reduces reaction time and gave good yield when compared with traditional methods of synthesis. Cytotoxicity evaluation revealed that out of 60 human tumor cell lines, compound 5 is highly effective against SNB-75 (CNS cancer) and UO-31 (Renal cancer) human tumor cell lines.Compund 5 showed highly cytotoxic activity against NCI-H23 cell line (Non-Small cell lung cancer) as compared to standard drug Vincristine sulphate. Compound 5 also had shown moderate cytotoxicity against T-47D (Breast cancer), CAKI-1, UO-31(Renal cancer), HL-16TB (Leukemia), NCI-H23, NCI-H522 (Non-Small cell lung cancer), SNB-75 (CNS cancer), MALME-3 (Melanoma). CONCLUSION In the process of anticancer drug discovery, to find new potential anti-lung cancer agent, we designed and synthesized molecule 5. As compund 5 showed highly cytotoxicity against NCI-H23 cell line (Non-Small cell lung cancer) in comparision to standard drug Vincristine sulphate, in future, research and development with designing desired modifications of molecule 4 and 5 may develop in safer and effective potential anticancer molecules. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT Authors are thankful to BCUD, University of Pune, INDIA (Project-13PHM000018) for financial assistance, NCI, USA for carrying out anticancer activity, SAIF Punjab University for spectral study, JNTU Hyderabad and Dr. Dhake A. S., SMBT College of Pharmacy, Dhamangaon, Nasik (MS) India for providing necessary facilities to carry out the research work. COMPETING INTERESTS The authors declare that they have no competing interest. REFERENCES Kier LB, Dhawan D and Fregley MJ (1964) Synthesis of alkyl substituted sydnone carboxylic acids. J. Pharm. Sci., 53: 677. Dunkley CS and Thoman CJ (2003) Synthesis and biological evaluation of a novel phenyl substituted sydnone series as potential antitumor agents. Bioorg Med. Chem. Lett., 13(17): 2899-2901. Satyanarayana K and Rao MN (1995) Synthesis, antiinflammatory, analgesic and antipyretic testing of 4-[1-oxo-(3-substituted aryl)-2-propenyl]-3-phenylsydnones and of 3-[4-[3-(substituted aryl)-1-oxo-2-propenyl] phenyl] sydnone J. Pharm. Sci., 84(2):263-6. Kavali JR and Badami BV (2000) 1, 5-Benzodiazepine derivatives of 3-arylsydnones: synthesis and antimicrobial activity of 3-aryl-4-[2†²-aryl-2†², 4†², 6†², 7†²-tetrahydro-(1†²H)-1†², 5†²-benzodiazepine-4†²-yl] sydnones. IL Farmaco, 55: 406-409. Fregly MJ, Kier LB and Dhawan D (1964) Chloruretic, naturetic and depressor activities of some substituted sydnones. Tox Appl. Pharmacol., 6:529 Stewart TG and Kier LB (1965) Synthesis of several mesoionic 1, 3,4-thiadiazoles. J. Pharm. Sci., 54:731. Roche EB and Kier LB (1965) Synthesis of two 4,5- Dialkylsydnone J Pharm. Sci., 54: 1700. Dunkley CS and Thoman CJ (2003) Synthesis and biological evaluation of a novel phenyl substituted sydnone series (VII) as potential antitumor agents. ChemInform, 34:129. Garraway LA, Widlund HR, Rubin MA, Getz G, Berger AJ, Ramaswamy S, Beroukhim R, Milner DA, Granter SR, Du J, Lee C, Wagner SN, Li C, Golub TR, Rimm DL, Meyerson ML, Fisher DE and Sellers WR (2005). Integrative genomic analyses identify MITF as a lineage survival oncogene amplified in malignant melanoma. Nature, 436 (7047):117-122. Adams S, Robbins FM, Chen D, Wagage D, Holbeck SL, Morse HC 3rd, Stroncek D and Marincola FM (2005). HLA class I and II genotype of the NCI-60 cell lines. J. Transl. Med., 3(1):11. Roschke AV, Tonon G, Gehlhaus KS, McTyre N, Bussey KJ, Lababidi S, Scudiero DA, Weinstein JN and Kirsch IR (2003) Karyotypic complexity of the NCI-60 drug screening panel. Cancer Res, 63(24):8634-8647. Lorenzi PL, Reinhold WC, Varma S, Hutchinson AA, Pommier Y, Chanock SJ, Weinstein JN (2009) DNA Fingerprinting of the NCI 60 cell line panel. Mol. Cancer Ther, 8(4):713-24. Mingyi M, Longru S and LouMei Ji (2013) Synthesis and biological evaluation of Combretastatin A-4 derivatives containing a 3-O-substituted carbonic ether moiety as potential antitumor agents. Chemistry Central Journal, 7(1):179. Al-Suwaidan IA, Alanazi AM Abdel-Aziz AA, Mohamed MA and El-Azab AS (2013). Design, synthesis and biological evaluation of 2-mercapto-3-phenethylquinazoline bearing anilide fragments as potential antitumor agents: Molecular docking study. Bioorganic medicinal chemistry letters, 23:3935-3941. Senff-Ribeiro A, Echevarria A, Silva EF, Franco CRC, Veiga SS and Oliveira MBM (2004) Cytotoxic effect of a new 1, 3, 4-thiadiazolium mesoionic compound (MI-D) on cell lines of human melanoma. Br. J. Cancer; 91(2): 297–304. Butkovic K, Marinic Z and Sindler-Kulyka M (2011) Synthesis of 3-(o-stilbenyl) sydnone and 3-(o-stilbenyl)-4-substitutedsydnone derivatives and their antitumor evaluation. ARKIVOC, 1:15

Purification of Fructosyl Transferase (FTase)

Purification of Fructosyl Transferase (FTase) Introduction Food products are formulated for taste, appearance, cost and convenience of the consumer. The composition of food products that confer a health benefit is a relatively new trend, and recognizes the growing acceptance of the role of diet in disease prevention, treatment and well-being. It is thus becoming increasingly clear that there is a strong relationship between the food we consume and our health. Scientific knowledge of the beneficial role of various food ingredients (nutrients) for the prevention of specific diseases is rapidly advancing. Functional foods, pharma foods and nutraceuticals are synonyms for foods that can prevent and treat diseases. Generally, a functional food can be defined as ‘any food that has a positive impact on an individual’s health, physical performance or state of mind in addition to its nutritional content’. Functional foods in addition to their basic nutritional content and natural being, will contain the proper balance of ingredients which will help to improve many aspects of human lives, including the prevention and treatment of illness and disease (Goldberg, 1994). So far, a large number of functional foods in various forms have already been introduced into the market. Many of them contain a number of characteristic functional ingredients. They include dietary fiber, oligosaccharides, sugar alcohols, peptides and proteins, prebiotics and probiotics, phytochemicals, antioxidants and polyunsaturated fatty acids (Stark and Madar, 1994). Oligosaccharides are very well recognized as ‘functional food ingredients’ because of their positive effects on human health. This research work focuses on the microbial production and purification of Fructosyl Transferase (FTase) and the production of Fructooligosaccharides (FOS) by transfructosylation using this enzyme. Oligosaccharides Oligosaccharides are usually defined as carbohydrates with a low degree of polymerization (DP) and consequently low molecular weight. They are composed of 3-10 simple sugar units linked together.The main categories of nondigestible oligosaccharides include carbohydrates in which the monosaccharide unit is fructose, galactose, glucose and xylose. Chemical differences among commercially available oligosaccharides include chain length, monosaccharide composition, degree of branching and purity. They are found naturally (small amounts) in many plants.. Plants with large amounts of oligosaccharides include  chicory root, from which most commercial inulin is extracted, and so-called Jerusalem. They are also found in onions,  leeks, garlic, legumes, wheat, asparagus, jicama, and other plant foods. Oligosaccharides are functional food ingredients that have great potential to improve the quality of many foods. In addition to providing useful modifications to food flavor and physicochemical characteristics, they possess properties that are beneficial to the health of the consumers. In general, food grade oligosaccharides are not pure products, but are mixtures containing oligosaccharides of different degrees of polymerization, the parent polysaccharide or disaccharide and the monomer sugars (Roberfroid and Slavin, 2000). The production and application of food grade oligosaccharides are increasing and their major uses are in beverages, infant milk powders, confectioneries, bakery products, yoghurts and dairy desserts. FRUCTOOLIGOSACCHARIDES FOS are chain polymers of the sugar fructose that are found in a variety of foods. The sugar units can be linked in a single straight chain or can be branched. In many cases small amounts of glucose are also contained in the chain. Chemically, FOS is difficult to define, because the length of the fructose chains can vary from source to source. Therefore a FOS analysis of a food may report the total of several closely related compounds. Inulin is an example of a longer chained compound that is considered as FOS. The shorter (lower molecular weight) compounds tend to have a sweet taste. The size and complexity of the FOS molecule desirable characteristics. Although the simple sugars fructose and glucose are quickly absorbed into the body by the intestines, FOS for the most part is indigestible and therefore acts as a non-digestible fiber in the diet. This is because humans does not have the enzymes to break down FOS as it travels down the digestive tract. When the FOS reaches the large intestine and the colon, the bacteria that are found there start to break down the FOS. These bacteria have the enzymes needed to break down FOS. Bifidobacteria have been reported to use FOS. It is believed that foods that promote bifidobacterial growth are good for the health. Of all the oligosaccharides known so far, FOS has attracted special attention. FOS is a common name for fructose oligomers that are mainly composed of 1- Kestose (GF2), 1 Nystose (GF3) and 1F – Fructofuranosyl nystose (GF4) in which fructosyl units (F) are bound at the ÃŽ ² 2, 1 position of sucrose (GF). Structure of Fructooligosaccharides Occurrence FOS derived from sucrose occur in many higher plants as reserve carbohydrates. They are found in a variety of edible plants, including banana, barley, garlic, honey, onion, rye, brown sugar, tomato, asparagus root, Jerusalem artichoke, wheat and triticale (Fishbein et al, 1988). The concentration of FOS in these foods is diagrammatically represented in Figure 1.2 (derived using data from the Environmental Protection Agency’s Dietary Risk Evaluation system EPA, 1984). FOS like 1- kestose, neokestose, 6- kestose and their derivatives have also been isolated from the plant Agave vera cruz (Satyanarayana, 1976). FTase producing organisms FTase by transfructosylation activity helps in the production of FOS. The enzyme source of FOS synthesis can be divided into two classes; one is plants such as asparagus, sugar beet, onion, Jerusalem artichoke etc; the other consists of bacteria and fungi such as Arthrobacter sp., Fusarium sp., Aspergillus sp., Aureobasidium sp. Functional properties of FOS Low calorific value The ÃŽ ²- configuration of the anomeric carbon, C2 in their fructose monomers make FOS nondigestible by human digestive enzymes which are mostly specific for ÃŽ ±-osidic linkages and hence they are not utilized as an energy source in the body. However, due to colonic fermentation, they have an energy contribution to food of about 1.5 kcal/ g. This property makes them suitable for use in sweet, low-calorie diet foods and safe for consumption by individuals with diabetes. In the case of very sweet foods, they may be used as bulking agents in conjunction with intense artificial sweeteners such as aspartame, phenylalanine or sucralose, thereby masking the aftertaste produced by some of these intense sweeteners (Crittenden and Playne, 1996). Non cariogenicity Unlike starch and simple sugars, FOSs are not utilized by oral microflora like Streptococcus mutans to form acids and insoluble ÃŽ ²-glucans, that serve as a matrix for plaque formation and are the main culprits in causing dental caries (Oku, 1994). Hence, FOSs are presently used as non – cariogenic sugar substitutes in confectionery, chewing gums, yoghurts and drinks. Dietary fibre effect ‘Dietary fibre is the edible part of plants or analogous carbohydrates that are resistant to digestion and absorption in the human small intestine with complete or partial fermentation in the large intestine’ (AACC Report, 2001). The nondigestible quality of FOS makes them act similar to dietary fibre, and thus prevent constipation. However, excessive consumption of FOS may cause flatulence or diarrhea, the minimum dose being 40-50 g/day. The advantages FOS has over dietary fibre are that they have a smaller daily requirement, do not cause diarrhea in recommended doses, are slightly sweet, have neither bad texture nor bad taste, are completely water soluble, do not build viscosity, do not bind minerals, are physically stable, and are easier to incorporate into processed foods and drinks (Tomomatsu H, 1994). Prebiotic effect In recent years, the ability of FOS to promote the proliferation of bifidobacteria in the colon has been recognized. These intestinal bacteria metabolize FOS readily and produce large amounts of short chain fatty acids resulting in an acidic pH in the lumen of the large intestine. The beneficial bacteria such as Bifidobacterium sp. and Lactobacillus sp. are resistant to the acidic pH, whereas the harmful bacteria such as Clostridium sp. are sensitive to the acidic conditions. Therefore the proliferation of useful bacteria is stimulated and that of harmful bacteria is suppressed. Subsequently, FOS has been described as one of several prebiotics, which can be defined as ‘a nondigestible food ingredient that beneficially affects the host by selectively stimulating the growth and / or the activity of one or a limited number of bacteria in the colon and thus improves host health’ (Gibson and Roberfroid, 1995). FOS have been demonstrated to increase bifidobacteria numbers in the colon at doses of Lipid lowering effect FOS in diet has been found to decrease the levels of triglycerides, serum cholesterol and lipids. Hypotriglyceridemia is due to decrease in the hepatic synthesis of triglycerides and hypocholesterolemia is likely to result from the antagonistic effect of short chain fatty acids, especially propionate on cholesterol metabolism. Propionate has been found to be an inhibitor of HMG CoA reductase, an important enzyme in cholesterol synthesis (Roberfroid and Slavin, 2000). Effect on mineral absorption FOS have been found to enhance the absorption of Ca2+ and Mg2+ ions and maintain balance of iron and Zn2+ ions. This has been found to be due to the osmotic effect, acidification of the colonic content due to fermentation and production of short chain carboxylic acids, formation of calcium and magnesium salts of these acids and hypertrophy of the colon wall (Roberfroid and Slavin, 2000). Anticancer effect FOS has an indirect effect on prevention of cancer in human beings due to its prebiotic properties. This is due to immunity enhancements by the cells, cell wall components and extracellular components of bifidobacteria (Tomomatsu H, 1994). Production of nutrients The presence of a good colonic environment with high bifidobacterial count leads to the production of Vitamins B-1, B-2, B-6, B-12, nicotinic acid and folic acid. Bifidobacteria – fermented dairy products also improve lactose tolerance, calcium absorbability and digestibility (Tomomatsu H, 1994). Antidiabetic effect FOS have been claimed to have no effect on blood glucose levels in patients with type 2 diabetes, possibly due to effects of short chain fatty acids produced during fermentation. (Luo et al, 2000). PROBLEM STATEMENT Normally, pure sucrose is expensive and the cost to produce FTase by using sucrose is high. There are some by-product like cereal bran, corn-products, sugarcane molasses and by-products of coffee and tea processing industries were used as a substrate to produce FTase from microorganism (Sangeetha et al., 2003). This by-product can lower the cost of production of FTase. Before FOS can be produced, the enzyme FTase must be undergone a series of purification. The purification of FTase must be done in order to get high yield of FOS. Many researchers have reported the purification and characterization of FTase from various sources and FTase has been found to differ in their molecular weight and properties from one source to another (Lateef et al., 2006, Sangeetha et al., 2003). FTase exhibits hydrolytic activity which can dominate the process (Delphine et al., 2007). This fact will lead to lower production yields and to a contamination of the final product with glucose and fructose (Delphine et al., 2007). Purification of FTase is important for batch production of FOS. By doing so, the nature of its hydrolytic activity can be studied, improve the understanding its mode of operation and be able to classified which type of enzyme should it belong to (Là ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¸Hocine et al., 2000). RESEARCH OBJECTIVES The main objective of this research is to purify FTase enzyme from microfungi Aspergillus oryzae isolated from CFTRI. To enhance the production of FOS as a food additive. SIGNIFICANCE OF STUDY In Malaysia, the FTase enzyme used to be imported from other country such as Japan, India and United States (Sangeetha et al., 2005). Normally, the cost for production of FOS from commercialized enzyme is high, so by producing and purifying the enzyme, we can reduce the cost. Normally, crude enzyme will produce lower yield of FOS than purified enzyme. In order to fulfill high customer demand on the functional food such as FOS, the production of FOS must be increased. In order to produce high yield of FOS, the enzyme need to be purified. By doing this, the activity of enzyme will be increased and so do the production of FOS. Purification and characterization of the enzyme (FTase) are necessary steps to obtain the product (FOS) rapidly, with high purity, to improve our understanding of its mode of action and the nature of activity. Efforts have been made to purify the FTase enzyme to get high specific activity and fold of purification but the reaction mechanism involved in FOS production does not lead to higher yields than the theoretical maxima of 56 – 58 % due to inhibition caused by accumulation of glucose. Nevertheless, the time involved in obtaining maximum FOS yield has been considerably reduced by using the purified FTase in comparison to the crude FTase. The product FOS formed has also been characterized for its physicochemical properties and structure using HPLC or LC-MS. Studies on the prebiotic effects of FOS are required to establish its functional properties and to demonstrate its use in product development. The present research work has also focused on the scaling up of both the produ ction of FTase as well as FOS.

Evolutionary Ethics :: Morals Philosophy Philosophical Essays

Evolutionary Ethics ABSTRACT: Michael Ruse has argued that evolutionary ethics discredits the objectivity and foundations of ethics. Ruse must employ dubitable assumptions, however, to reach his conclusion. We can trace these assumptions to G. E. Moore. Also, part of Ruse’s case against the foundations of ethics can support the objectivity and foundations of ethics. Cooperative activity geared toward human flourishing helps point the way to a naturalistic moral realism and not exclusively to ethical skepticism as Ruse supposes. Introduction: Ruse’s Metaethical Assumptions Michael Ruse has argued that evolutionary ethics discredits the objectivity and foundations of ethics (Ruse 1991, Ruse 1993). Ruse must employ dubitable assumptions, however, to reach his conclusion. Also, parts of Ruse’s case against the foundations of ethics can support the objectivity and foundations of ethics. Ruse’s narrow construal of ‘the foundations of ethics’ plays an important role in his arguments against the foundations of ethics. He considers only 3 possible contenders that could serve as foundations for ethics: 1) Moorean non-naturalism, 2) Platonic Forms, and 3) the Divine Command Theory (Ruse 1993: 157). For Ruse, each of the three contenders explains how morality can refer to something "out there"(Ruse 1993: 153, 158). Notice that for Ruse one can only maintain the position of moral realism—the view that at least some moral issues are objective and obtain independently of our moral beliefs—non-naturalistically. His reasoning for this is clear. He points out that Moore’s arguments against the evolutionary ethics of Herbert Spencer turned on the is/ought distinction. According to this distinction, we cannot logically ground ethical statements naturalistically, for one cannot derive ‘ought’ from ‘is’. Mooreâ€℠¢s arguments against ethical naturalism—the view that moral claims/facts/judgments are nothing but a special class of natural claims/facts/judgments—help make Moore’s case in favor of non-naturalism. Plato’s non-natural Forms and the commands of a non-natural divinity would also avoid the difficult task of deriving values from natural, physical facts that ethical naturalism faces. Philosophers (not least of all Ruse) commonly proclaim that Moore’s application of the naturalistic fallacy hinges on the is/ought distinction. For Moore, we cannot derive moral statements from non-moral statements because "‘good’ is indefinable, or, as Prof. Sidgwick says, an ‘unanalysable notion’" (Moore 1903: 17). This would imply of course that any attempt whatsoever to define or analyze a moral term such as ‘good’ in other terms is fallacious. Moore concedes that we can analyze moral words in terms of each other but all reductions of moral terms will ultimately reduce to ‘good’ and ‘bad’.

The Power of DNA in the Courtroom Essay -- Exploratory Essays Research

The Power of DNA in the Courtroom      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In 1893, Francis Galton introduced a remarkable new way to identify people ("Fingerprinting" pg 1 par 3). His observation that each individual has a unique set of fingerprints revolutionized the world of forensics. Soon, all investigators had adapted the idea to use fingerprints as a form of identification. Unfortunately, over the course of the past century, criminals have adapted to this technique and seldom leave their incriminating marks at the crime scene. Forensics specialists were in need of a new way to identify criminals, and DNA provided the answer. When it comes to genetic material, it is virtually impossible for a criminal to leave a crime scene "clean." Whether it is a hair, flakes of skin, or a fragment of fingernail, if it contains genetic material then it has potential to incriminate. However, there are still concerns regarding DNA fingerprinting. What are the implications of using these tests in a courtroom scenario? What happens when DNA tests go awry? It is debatable whether or not DNA fingerprinting has a place in America's court systems.    The actual technique behind DNA profiling is fairly new. According to the National Research Council (NRC), this method has been around for about ten years. They go on to say that despite "reproducibility and reliability of the methods" and "despite the potential power of the technique, there [are] serious reservations about its actual use" (NRC pg 1). Still, laboratories across the United States have undergone technological advances to bring DNA testing to the local level. These up-dated labs now have the equipment and means to handle genetic evidence, but the public must be ready to accept this ne... ...advances in genetic technology, and I believe it will not allow the courts to base their decisions solely on genetic evidence until all procedures are accurately performed. This is, after all, just one more system of identification, one that may prove to be even more momentous than Galton's fingerprints ever were. Works Cited Ballantyne, Jack, George Sensabaugh, and Jan Witkowski. DNA Technology and Forensic Science. New York: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, 1989. Fingerprinting. Homepage. 1 May, 1997. AIMS Education Foundation. 22 October, 1999. <http://www.aimsedu.org/activities/gimmefive/gimme2.html>. National Research Council. The Evaluation of Forensic DNA Evidence. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press, 1996. Singer, Colin R.. DNA Testing. Homepage. 22 October, 1999. <http://www.singer.ca/dna.html>

Morality and Generally Good Morals Essay

Morals, values and beliefs are all very similar in a way even though they may have different scientific definitions. Everyone in the world has morals, values and beliefs, although they may differ and have different roles in each other’s lives; theses three things all have an impact on how we choose to live our lives in some way. According to the online Merriam Webster dictionary, a moral is defined as something â€Å"concerned with the principles of right and wrong behavior and the goodness or badness of human character. † How we act in certain situations is often based on our morals. With morals, the way one was raised plays a big factor on whether or not that person makes morally right or wrong decisions. More often than not, someone who had a stable and well-rounded upbringing will make more morally right choices in their life compared to someone with less family influence or support. Sometimes there are exceptions with this, but generally good morals are usually instilled in people at a young age which can last a lifetime. A moral can also serve as a lesson or theme which is why the phrase â€Å"the moral of the story† exists. With that being said, it is possible for someone to gain moral values through learning lessons through personal or others’ life experiences. By learning lessons through experiences it allows us to have a better understanding on how to act if a similar experience arises again. One moral value that my parents always stressed me to have was to be honest with everyone. They taught me that with honest actions comes more respect and trust from others, which will be very beneficial in my personal and professional life. Value is defined as â€Å"the regard that something is held to deserve; the importance, worth, or usefulness of something† by the online Oxford Dictionary. Values are the components of peoples’ lives that they find important and meaningful. People’s values often change throughout their lives as their circumstances change. Personally, my values are education, family, friends and money. All of these are important aspects to me which I find necessary to be content with my life. If I didn’t find education valuable to me I would not be enrolled in school right now. Also, without my family and friends, I would not be who I am today since they serve as a great support system and offer value to my life. Money is important because without it I would not be able to support myself while away at school . For example I would not be able to buy necessary items such as books and supplies to give me the best chance at succeeding in college. As time goes on these values may change to my career, my children and more things that would be more meaningful to me as I get older in age.

How Global Trends Influence the Strategies Used by Samsung in the Communications Market Essay

As orbiculate social movements shape the job landscape, they will certainly influence ambition among companies and just as companies frequently run down to raise orbiculate trends in details, they wad besides f each(prenominal) short in their analysis of the competitive factors those trends create. Czinkota, Ronkainen,and Kotabe, (2010) carried out a survey that showed that contestation is becoming much intense 85% of them executives describe the stage line of descent purlieu of their companies as to a greater outcome competitive. As such organizations to allow in the owners and staff puddle to continually make changes to supplement the ever so changing demands of their target market as easily as the total market. Samsung has matt-up the negative effects associated with changes in world-wide trends and as such moderate constructive strategies to compliment those changes in the communication market. Overview of Samsung In the stand for unpredictable vexation trade, market plays a crucial and considerable grapheme and it is a course of action or means to create, deliver, exchange and communicate with nodes and clients which is straightaway more pronounce beca hold of globalisation.Globalization agree to Hamilton (2009) is not a parvenue phenomenon. N mavintheless, in spite of appearance the last few decades, the improvements in technology, manhood(prenominal) trade and communication have rocketed. However, forrader we move on to discuss this slap-up phenomenon, it is dictatorial that we define the enclosures globalization and market. Bilton, Bonnett, and Jones, et al. (1996) argued that globalization pot be de controversyate as the fulfil whereby policy-making, social, stinting and heathen relations increasingly take on a global scale, and which has profound consequences for individuals local anaesthetic experiences and bothday lives. Hamilton (2009), in view of nearly of these profound consequences of globali zation aptly states, planetary trade through globalization b arlytocks have many turn a profits. Trade helps maturation economic wealth and establishes good political relationships with trading partners. Globalization similarly promotes apologise trade and competition between corporations which in turn preys consumers passim the world more options and cheaper products from which to choose. Therefore, the increase in trade, as well as scientific communication and deportee fosterments have allowed societies to become more marryed.The term globalization signifies the combination of the merchandising process with global origin indispensabilitys. The globalization of merchandise has made marketing processes more intricate, cumbrous and costly to deal with. Ferrell (2011) postulates that marketing may be defined as an organisational function and a solidification of processes for creating, communicating, and delivering set to clients and for managing customer relation ships in ways that benefit the organization and its stakeholders. Global sourcing and hostile global competition, pooled with growing customer demand, are drastically affecting the offer chain.To battle these new globalization challenges, many companies are move away from a push supply chain model to a demand-driven, customer focus model. The desire to become demand-driven requires sophisticated, limber responsiveness at every maneuver along the supply chain, from sourcing and obtaining to use. One such familiarity is Samsung founded in 1938. From its foundation as a petite export political party in Taegu, Korea, Samsung has developed into one of the worlds circus tent electronics companies, specializing in digital appliances and media, semiconductors, memory, and system integration.For over three decades Samsung has defended developments in the occupancy and played a fundamental part in the advancement of the winding telecom sector. Their great powery past action in i nvention and manufacturing is in line with a history of financial stability, and an protracted globally distributed, skilled employee base. This combination of factors has principal sum to Samsung being the favored partner of fall out-tier operators somewhat the world. In 1980, Samsung joined the telecommunications hardware sedulousness with the purchase of Hanguk Jenja Tongsin. Originally building call up switchboards, Samsung expanded in to tele knell and autotype systems whichultimately moved to mobile phone manufacturing. The mobile phone clientele was sort together with Samsung Electronics (Burris, 2013). Kumar (2004) opines that in the contemporary nurture age, mobile communications has enabled us to use laptop personal computers conjugate to the net constitute without a wired local authoritativem network (LAN). Simply put, if the internet gave us the ability to access any tissue address on a desktop, mobiles have apt(p) us the access at any time and from anywhe re. This capability, derived from modern telecommunication technology, is crucial in conducting international byplay operations.Samsung Telecommunications is one of five personal line of credit units in spite of appearance Samsung Electronics. This unit has been influenced by global trends, cause the political party to use marketing strategies in order to stay on top in the communications market. Samsungs merchandise Strategy Developing a return and profitable specify relies on equilibrate the business competencies and abilities a foolst the market opportunities into the future. The marketing strategy of a business includes a translation of the business, a description of the products or services, an outline of the target market, and defines the business role in relationship to the competition.In opposite words, marketing strategy is a synopsis of the business products and position in relation to the competition the sales and marketing plans are the take on actions the b usiness will assume to hit the goals of the marketing strategy. According to Materson and Pickton (2010), constructing and using a marketing strategy has a well-set positive impact on profitability. This is because companies that engage a marketing strategy head for the hills to focus on their customers and markets, integrate their marketing responses and work out in advance where their profits will come from.operating(a) a flourishing business send away be challenging business operators can build a business but they might not materialize. trade is all around informing the public rough the product or service the business offers, and influencing them to purchase or use it. Thus, Samsung zoomed in on strategies that will improve the participations communication market. The company as well used SWOT analysis in order to keep up with the global trends in the communication market. Like every other businesses, Samsung is very much conscious(predicate) that information is an imp ortant resource essential just like money,machinery and manpower. Information is considered one of the most fundamental necessities for the continued globe of the organization. In the past, before the computer era, it was not easy for the businesses to gather, store, maintain, organize and distribute enormous volumes of information and data. Nowadays, managers are competent in getting contemporary information at the required time in a precise manner. Consequently, as a powerful business leader, Samsung accepted the fact and had given precedence to the process of information throughout the organization at every stage.To gain from its Managing Information System and Information Technology, Samsung address information of necessity not exclusively in its environment but also in their relationships with customers, suppliers, trade partners, production systems, work processes, skills and labor requirement. These advancements of Samsung have created huge and building complex processes and information systems, on that pointby creating a requirement to align them to have a habitual overview of the complete information system scenery it as a strategic shit (Unknown).Ultimately, a manager evaluates the information self-collected for accuracy. Evaluating this information enabled Samsung to fall upon potential threats and opportunities linked to environmental changes, which bring us to other market strategy, the market environment. Understanding the impersonate state of the market environment and recognizing threats and opportunities that might arises from changes within it helped Samsung to assess the performance of their present marketing efforts and develop future marketing strategies (Pride & Ferrell, 2012).This is so because the global marketing environment is becoming increasingly competitive to an extent that requires companies to target their products and services at markets careless(predicate) of national boundaries (Hassan & Erdener, 1994). SWOT Anal ysis Samsungs SWOT analysis was used to examine the strengths and weaknesses of the business, determining the long term objectives of the business and aid in the design of the new strategies to supporter in the process of achieving targets set by the organization.The SWOT analysis also include the processes to determine the investment direction, the business markets to be addressed, extension of the operations of the business and limitations faced by the business in order to undertake the business activities. In essence, Samsung used SWOT to help identify possible strategies by building on strengths, resolving weaknesses, exploiting opportunities and avoiding threats. An opportunity is a study favorable situation in a firms environment. Key trends are one source of opportunities.An evaluation deprivations to be completed drawing conclusions about how the opportunities may affect the firm whether positive or negative. However, changes in competitive situations, technological chang es and improve buyer or supplier relationships could symbolize positive opportunities for businesses. In this case, Samsung capitalized on their opportunities by designing new technology, sponsoring the 2012 Olympics, offered more models with stylish and individuality and giving the consumer real entertainment for their money offering kitty opportunity to get more sales. scourge refers to challenges posed by an unfavorable trend or development that could lead to admixture in profits or sales, in absence of a defensive marketing action. Threats are the main obstructions to the business animate or preferred position. Changes in technology, return in market growth, increase in bargaining power of suppliers and buyers, new or revised regulation could pose threats to the action of businesses. From the information gathered and evaluated, Samsung recognized that there is new and existing competition, price volatility, economic recession, and extremely huge competition for customers an d resources.The inhering analysis of strengths and weaknesses focuses on internal factors that give businesses certain advantages and disadvantages in meeting the requirements of its intend market. Strengths refer to core capabilities that give the business an advantage in meeting the requirements of its think markets. Any analysis of company strengths should be market oriented and customer think because strengths are only meaningful when they assist the business in meeting customer needs. Weaknesses refer to any limitations a company faces in developing or implementing a strategy.Weaknesses should also be examined from a customer perspective because customers often perceive weaknesses that a company cannot see. Being market rivet when analyzing strengths and weaknesses does not mean that non-market oriented strengths and weaknesses should be forgotten. Rather, it suggests that all businesses should bind their strengths and weaknesses to customer requirements. Samsungs strengths 1. Strong international experiences 2. Strong global business network 3. Vast believability of brand name 4. International record accomplishments (awards received and nominated for) Samsungs weaknesses1. intelligence of high prices 2. Loss of customers interest in products 3. Buyer sophistication and knowledge 4. utility(a) products or technologies and limited availability of 3D viewing Conclusion Marketing has changed in focus over the past twenty dollar bill years. Nowadays, marketing stresses value and customer relationships (Ferrell, 2011). However, it is imperative to note that marketing is parallel to other business functions such as production, research, management, kind-hearted resources, and accounting. The fundamental function of marketing is to connect the company to its customers.As such it shapes the objectives of companies to include Samsung, through which it is able to delivery top of the line communications while terrifically satisfying the market. Reference Bi lton T. , Bonnett, K. , Jones, P. , Skinner, D. Stanworth, M. & Webster, A. (1996). Introductory sociology. (MacMillan mash Ltd. , Ed. ). Great Britain MacMillan Press Ltd. Burris M. (2013). The history of Samsung. About. com. Retrieved establish 29, 2013 from http//components. about. com/od/Companies/p/The-History-Of-Samsung. htm Collins, J. , & Porras, J.(1996). Building your companys vision. Harvard Business Review. Retrieved March 29, 2013 from http//www. tecker. com/wpcontent/uploads/2011/07/CollinsBuildingVisionSept96. pdf Czinkota M. , Ronkainen, I. , & Kotabe, M. (2010). emerge trends, threats and opportunities in international marketing What executives need to know. New York, NYBusiness Expert Press, LLC. Ferrell, O. (2011). Marketing strategy (Hartline M. , Ed. ). Mason, Ohio South-Western Cengage Learning. Hamilton S. (2009). Globalization. Edina, Minnesota ABDO Publishing